中国社区发展报告（2012）

 



社会空间分化对于中国居民已不再陌生。高档社区、中档社区、普通社区、移民社区和贫困社区五类典型的社会地理空间，城市居民熟视无睹。实证资料表明，社会空间分化与城市居民的生活满意度存在显著差异。因此，应采取积极措施，加大贫困群体支持力度，提高低档社会空间的档次，提高应对社会风险的能力；同时，大力推进创新性城市建设，促进社会空间融合；创新社会管理理念，增进高档社区与低档社区的对话与合作，从而提高城市居民的生活满意度。



面对银发浪潮，空巢老人和失能老年群体的长期照顾问题已经凸显的现状，社区养老服务即社区照顾支撑的居家养老作为主流应对已成为共识。本报告提出了社区照顾的定义，包括上门护理、日间照料、社区托老以及志愿者互助等多种服务，以及形成照顾服务运行与养老消费及老龄产业的互动。报告分析了照顾服务中存在的问题，指出其深层原因诸如老龄研究滞后、政策不协调、养老服务人才短缺，等等，作者提出了顶层设计的政策建议，包括更新观念、加强研究、搞好政策间的协调、在社区确立照顾服务的协调机制和推进护理保险制度以提升养老服务人员的待遇，并使用案例说明如何让照顾服务与养老消费、扩大内需形成良好互动。



社区社会组织参与公共文化服务体系建设，对于贯彻落实国家文化发展战略、优化公共文化服务结构、满足多样化的文化消费需求等方面具有重要意义。以北京为例，社区社会组织参与具备良好的社会发展环境，参与经验较为丰富，公共文化服务体系的设施建设成效显著。但也存在参与制度不健全，建设经费紧缺，资源获取能力不足等问题。加强社区社会组织参与，需要加强标志性公共文化服务设施建设，制定鼓励社区社会组织参与的财政投入和扶持政策，培育功能健全、多元参与的社区社会文化组织，努力探索和创新社区组织参与公共文化服务的运行模式。



城乡结合部作为未来城市发展的重要空间，面临着治安秩序、房屋安全、食品安全、用水安全和环境安全等问题。针对上述问题，北京市各级党委政府围绕加强城乡结合部社区安全管理已经开展了高发案社区压发案竞赛、治安重点地区整治、文明村庄创建和村庄社区化管理等活动，但城乡结合部社区安全管理工作仍存在目标不明确、思路不清晰、内容不完整、措施不完善、走向不明朗、绩效待评估等问题。报告提出了一系列加强和创新城乡结合部社区安全管理的理念与对策建议。



当代文明城市的社区建设应当形成风格各异的独有特色，在这方面，具有传统地域文化特色和民俗风情的社区应当充分利用自己得天独厚的资源，打造自己的社区文化“品牌”。通过对2011年北京金鱼池社区文化建设工作的调研，我们更深切地体会到了这一点。金鱼池社区的经验对于全国许多老城区的社区文化建设无疑是具有启示意义的。



依据居民需求意向制定社区建设及规划政策，应当成为社区服务目标确立的立足点。通过对海淀区XYL街道社区居民的服务需求意向及满意度调查发现，当前城市社区居民需求最为强烈的仍然是围绕日常生活正常运转的基础性公共服务。由此可知,政府应当在当前社区建设及公共服务的组织上承担更大的责任。



 



 



Social space differentiation is no longer
strangers to Chinese residents. Upscale communities, mid-range communities,
ordinary communities, immigrant communities and poor communities in five
typical social geography of space, turn a blind eye to the city residents.
Empirical data show that beruecn the differentiation of social space and life
satisfaction of urban residents there are significant differences. Therefore,
we should take positive measures to increase efforts to support poor
communities to improve the grade of low-grade social space, and improve the
ability to cope with social risks. Meanwhile, 
we should vigorously promote innovative urban construction, and promote
the integration of social space. By innovative concept of social management and
enhancing dialogue and cooperation between the upscale community and low-grade
community, we can enhance the life satisfaction of urban residents.



Faced with “Silver hair wave”, a need of long-term care
is increased for those empty-nest and disable elder, and nursing services in
community or community care for the aged at home is the major program to meet
the challenge. This report defines the care services as a system including
visiting service, daycare, nursing home, mutual help by volunteers and a
mechanism of coordinating care services with old-age consumption market as well
as elderly industry. By analyzing the existing problems in the care services
and underlying causes such as aging study lag, uncoordinated polices, shortages
of caregivers, the author suggests a perspective by top-level design and policy
recommendation, including renewing ideas, promoting senior research, building
coordination mechanism in the level of community and creating nursing insurance
system in order to enhance wages of caregivers. The author also cites an
example to illustrate how to relate care system with old-age consumption and
domestic market demand.



It plays an important role of the community
participation of social organizations in the construction of public cultural
service system, as to implement the national culture development strategy, to
improve the structures of the public cultural services, and to satisfy the
diversified demands for cultural consumption. Taking Beijing as an example, the
participation of the community social organizations has a good social
environment, and more rich on the participation experiences, and the
construction effect of the public cultural service system is distinct. But
there are also problems involved in the system which are not perfect, such as
the shortage of construction funds, and the ability to obtain resource
inadequacy. To Strengthen the community participation of social organizations,
we need to strengthen the landmark public cultural service facilities, and to
develop the financial investment and policy supports to encourage the community
participation of social organizations, and to foster the sound organization,
pluralism participation community social culture organization, and to strive to
explore and innovate the model of the community organizations to participate in
public culture.



The contemporary civilization and the city’s
community building should be the formation of the unique characteristics of
different styles, traditional geographical and cultural characteristics and
customs of the community should take full advantage of their unique resources
to create their own community culture brand in this regard. Through research on
the 2011 Beijing Jinyuchi community cultural construction work, we deeply
realize this point. Jinyuchi community experience for many of the old city
community culture construction is no doubt significant.



Community construction and planning policy should
be based on the Preferences of residents. According to the survey of communities
on XYL Road, Haidian District, basic public services around the daily life are
still the most current needs of urban community residents. Government should
take greater responsibility on community services.