中国经济发展模式：政治经济学解读

对中国经济发展模式的解读众说纷纭。基于对1927～1937年和1949～1957年、1958～1980年时期的研究，在一个国家的经济发展模式中，经济发展要素的社会属性、经济政策、政治清明程度、政治制度构成共性变量，离开它们，经济发展模式无法确定。而从这些变量值来看，尽管1927～1937年被一些人认为是国民党统治下中国经济发展的“黄金十年”，但无论是在发展要素的社会属性、经济政策、政治清明程度上，还是政权运作机制上，它留下的遗产只能是负数。反观1949～1957年，新中国以公有制建立和发展为指向，在上述四个方面反国民党之道而行之，不仅在经济发展各方面条件变量极为不利的情况下发展迅速，而且奠定了中国长期科学发展之理论基础、制度基础。1958～1980年时期，中国即使因各种复杂原因而出现“大跃进”挫折甚至“文化大革命”，都能保持较高增长速度，与1947～1957年期间建立的发展模式的科学性（即上述变量的方向性）有莫大关系。再反观1981～2010年时期，毫无疑问，GDP增长取得巨大成就，但在上述四大变量（本身由许多变量构成）上可说不少方面反1949～1957年时期之道而行之。如果说，1949～1957年中，中国曾经实行过私有工商业的社会主义改造，20世纪90年代后期开始的国退民进，不管它是在什么背景下基于什么原因进行的，则似乎更像是社会主义工商业的私有制改造。由于这种新的强大因素介入，中国今天发展模式所表现出的问题已经不能仅仅由1980年以前中国的经济政治情况来说明。正是这种新的强大因素介入，使得中国1981～2010年时期经济发展出现巨大的可避免成本。中国两次出现内需不足这一资本主义经济的特殊现象是经济发展可避免成本的宏观表现之一。如果没有收入的平等化，中国的消费内需不足只能是周期性发生，但中国发生的绝不只是消费内需不足；而造成收入不平等的最主要、最根本原因，又只有从私有资本在中国的巨大发展中去寻找。市场交换的平等与否以及程度高低的决定因素之一是市场生产主体的性质。一旦私有资本占据社会资本的较大份额，成为最主要的市场生产主体，则市场的性质也就由私人资本所决定了，而建立平等、公平、高效的市场机制也就非要以最大限度限制私人资本对市场性质产生影响，从中国目前国情看，也即大幅减少私人资本才能做到了。总之，马克思《资本论》为解读中国经济发展模式提供了一个科学的框架。对于经济发展模式的唯一科学认识应该是与资本不创造价值这一基本政治经济学原则相一致。



　　Academic opinions about the characteristics of China’s economic
development differ with each other dramatically.However, based on the studies
of china’s economic history of 1927-1937, 1949-1957, 1958-1980, it can be found
that, the social attributes of economic development factors, economic polices,
political uprightness and political system constitute the universal variables
that designate a nation’s development characteristics.Without them, the latter
can not be determined.Due to the negative values of these variables, the period
of 1927-1937 has handed down nothing positive to China, even though it was
taken by some people as “the golden decade” of economic development under the Guomindang regime.In 1949-1957,
China, with an attempt of creating a socialist society, had completely reversed
the movement of the above four variables, during which a period of rapid
development appeared, and solid theoretical and institutional foundations for
its future development were laid.In 1958-1980, despite some complicated factors
that contributed to the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, China
had yet enjoyed a rather surprising high level of economic growth, which could
not have been realized without the theoretical and institutional foundations
laid in 1949-1957.1981-2010 was a period with high speed of economic growth,
but went in opposite direction in some major aspects of the above four
variables to that of the 1949-1957 era.If the 1949-1957 China conducted a
socialist transformation of private enterprises into public ones, the reform of
the state-owned enterprises in the late 1990, whatever the background or the
reason it was, together with some other reform measures, seemingly led to a
privatization of socialist industrial and commercial enterprises.With private
capital appearing as a powerful power in China, the problems that China has
been suffering from since the late 1990 can not be inculpated to the econo-political
situation before 1980.With the sovereignty of private capital, China has
burdened itself with huge avoidable costs in pursuing the 8% economic growth
rate, with two economic recessions only as illuminating examples.Without the
equality of income and wealth, recession tends to be a cyclical thing for
China, and it will be only too superficial a word to describe what will happen
in the future of China.The explanation for this inequality in income and wealth
can only be found in a rapid growth of private capital in China.China has
claimed to establish a socialist market economy, but whether the market
exchange is of equality and what the equality degree is indexed will depend on
the characteristics of production agent.Once private capital dominates China’s
markets, the nature of the market will be determined by the properties of
private capital.And to establish a well functioned market economy is thus to
limit the malfunctions of private capital.But this can only be accomplished
through greatly eliminating private capital.From this perspective, Marx
provided a paradigm that is most suitable for analyzing China’s development
characteristics, i.e., in short, capital does not create value.China’s development
strategy should be built upon this Political Economy principle.