边民生活政治：滇越跨境民族的记忆、心境与行动

 



边境民族得益地缘便利而惯常于跨国界交往，给国家有序边疆社会的维持制造了不同程度的障碍。如何有序化边民跨境交往进而创造一个顾及国家和边境民族多重利益需求的稳定边疆，国家和学界多年来始终关注于此。国家试图通过外部性政策进行制度帮扶，有效改善边地环境以满足边民物质和文化需求，培养和增强其国家意识，从而使其自觉参与有序边疆社会建设。这种国家动员型思路对提升边民的国家意识卓有成效。在中越边境，正是由于中国边地建设积极效应的充分释放，越南政府随后也借鉴中国经验，加大财力推进边疆建设。然而，长期战争相伴的越南不可能与中国立于相同起点，中越两国边地发展的客观差距又再度助长越南边民跨界流动于中国边村，有序化中国边疆遭遇更大挑战。此外，边境通常远离国家权力政治中心，国家政策制度也会因边地遥远的空间区隔和复杂的政府科层而程度不同地偏离国家意志，致使国家意义上的富民行为难以获得理想结果。



以上两个问题的客观存在极大地激发了学者们潜心研究边境民族问题的信心。人们普遍乐于依循国家边地建设行动及其效果呈现，从国家视角来考察边境民族心理、跨国流动表现及其各方面的负面影响，进而向国家导向性地陈述多种政策建议。这确实是一条较为可取之研究路径。学者们的多方研究为国家政策制度的设计提供了很多有用的依据。然而事实上，有序边疆社会建设的根本在于边境民族这个主体，完全基于国家的理论见解未必能有效切合边民实际，一些决策定论有可能失效于真实边疆。正是出于该发现，本书创新性地基于边民视角，充分尊重边民主体意愿，将边民作为具有原生性和建构性特质的对象来进行实证研究。



本书是在科学界定“边民生活政治”概念的基础上，以滇越边境民族真实生活为基点来开展调查研究，完全异于学界惯行的纯国家主义视角，能较为客观地观察边民的国家意识，解释有序边疆社会创构的科学规律。具体内容方面，文章首先从国家、边疆与边民交互关系中引申出创建有序边疆社会的艰难复杂性，在回应传统研究取向上定位出要研究的问题和思维路向。其后，在整体性陈述滇越跨境民族综合知识的背景下，分别从边境民族的历史记忆、族群心理及其跨国流动行为三个层面，深入分析滇越边地客观存在的影响边民社会稳定的问题。最后结论性地提出创建有序边疆的边民生活政治逻辑。本书认为，有序边疆秩序的生成必须坚持边民主义原则，即国家应尊重边民自有的地方生活知识和满足国家利益，让边境民族感受并充分享有作为主权国家公民的自觉意识，唯此才能构造和长久维持有序边疆。



不否认，边民视角和国家视角均是进行有序边疆社会问题研究难以回避的路径。从一般意义上讲，它们是两种背反的方法论。边民抑或国家视角是导致学人们界定边境民族跨国流动行为非法与合法、和平跨居与异境反叛定论的“元点”，人们只有在这两个维度上积累非常丰富的研究成果，才有资历以更加综合性的“边民—国家”视角开展研究，进而深层探寻充分基于边民又服务于国家的边疆建设机理。这一点，是任何热心于边境民族问题研究的同辈学人和后辈晚生都无法回避的科学研究范式。



 



关键词：边疆民族；有序社会；生活政治



 



For the geographical convenience，cross-border people often
interact in countries’ border areas，which challenge
people to build the orderly frontier society.How to make border people
communicate  with each other orderly and
construct a stable society with more interests of countries and border people，nation leaders and scholars have studied for many years.Leaders try
their best to meet people’s material-cultural needs and cultivate their
national identity by improving local living environment with more different external
policies and money，and make them take part in building
the frontier consciously.It’s effective to cultivate and strengthen people’s
national identity with the nation-leading strategies.Seeing the ideal Chinese
effect of the construction，the Vietnamese government
began to develop their border areas with more money and policies.However，for longer wars，Vietnam does not have enough
economic resources to develop border environment with the same beginning as
China.The fact of objective developing gap will promote Vietnamese border
people to walk into Chinese border village.So，it’s more
difficult to build orderly Chinese frontier society. Moreover，for the frontiers remote Chinese central areas，strategies sometimes can’t play a role and obtain ideal results
effectively for national will.



The existence of the above two problems inspired
scholars to study cross-border minorities.Scholars often study border people’s
psychology;  cross-border walking
behavior and its negative effect based on national border building from the
national interest perspective，and then suggest several policies.It’s an effective research method.People’s
research results provided many good ideas for solving border problems.But in
fact，border minorities are key factors during the time
of building border areas，leading ideas for national
interest don’t benefit local people forever，and so that，many decisions can’t serve local people effectively.For the knowing
of theoretical and applied researching，the paper will
study border problems innovatively for border people’s interest against the
public research methods.The paper will study border problems with respecting
the frontier’s subjective will fully and seeing them as special groups with
primordial and constructive characteristics.



The basic narrative logic of the paper is that
author focused on the China-Vietnam border area in Yunnan Province.border
people’s real living firstly based on scientific definition of“Border people living politics”.It’s different from usual nation-leading researching methods.The
studying way can cultivate border people’s national identity and learn many
scientific laws.About its specific contents，the author
talked about the relationship among nation，borderland
and border people，then told us the difficulty and complexity
of studying border problems and put forward some means of solving problems with
traditional thinking.After that，the author analyzed
difficulties affected on border social stability based on the comprehensive
knowledge of Yunnan-Vietnamese border people and acquainting with their history
memory，ethnic psychology and transnational walking
actions.Finally，the author put forward the definition
of“Border people living politic logic”conclusively.The author thought that people must build orderly
frontier society with border people’s interests.That is，In order to construct and maintain orderly frontier society，high level government leaders should design and carry out national
frontier policy system and make border people realize and have more national
identity consciously.



 



Undeniably，border people-leading and
nation-leading views are two kinds of important methods.Generally，they are two autonomic methodologies.The two studying ways often
lead to people to get the ideas of illegal or legal，peaceful
living or rebellious action.Scholar must accumulate enough research
achievements about these problems，they have qualified
with more comprehensive“border-countries”perspective to study and try their best to learn scientific tactics
of building border areas benefited nation and local ethnic groups，Which is a dis-avoiding research paradigm whoever make earnest
efforts to study border ethnic groups and border problems.



 



 



Key Words: Border People，Well-ordered Society，Life Politics