应对气候变化报告（2013）：聚焦低碳城镇化

气候变化是人类面临的共同挑战。自2012年多哈会议以来，中国政府本着对本国人民和世界人民高度负责的态度，坚定不移地推进生态文明建设和绿色低碳发展，采取强有力的应对气候变化的国内政策和行动，按照“共同但有区别的责任”原则、公平原则和各自能力原则，建设性地推动气候变化国际谈判进程，为应对全球气候变化做出积极贡献。



党的十八大报告提出，促进工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化同步发展，要求“必须以改善需求结构、优化产业结构、促进区域协调发展、推进城镇化为重点，着力解决制约经济持续健康发展的重大结构性问题”，推进经济结构战略性调整。如何提高城镇化发展的质量和效益，走出一条集约、智能、绿色、低碳的新型城镇化道路，是当前面临的新的重要课题。



低碳城市已成为世界各国降低资源能源消耗、转变旧有发展模式、谋求城市新兴竞争力的着力点。我国提高城镇化质量，走新型城镇化道路也要以城市为空间载体发展低碳经济。低碳城镇化是新型城镇化建设的重要内容，是提高城镇化质量、控制温室气体排放的重要实现路径。与此同时，在气候变化背景下，极端气候事件给城市带来的气候风险与脆弱性也日益凸显。因此，需要对城市加强适应性管理，打造低碳韧性城市。



至2012年底，中国已确定了6个省区低碳试点、36个低碳试点城市、26个低碳交通运输试点城市和7个绿色低碳重点小城镇，低碳试点已经在全国全面铺开。与此同时，中国政府启动低碳发展宏观战略研究，低碳城镇化成为国家低碳发展宏观战略研究的核心问题之一。



《应对气候变化报告（2013）》以“聚焦低碳城镇化”为主题，邀请从事气候科学评估、能源与气候政策研究、城镇化问题研究方面的专家撰稿，系统论述气候变化热点议题、城镇化与城市低碳转型实践、城镇化与城市适应气候变化等问题，并结合城市案例，讨论低碳城镇化建设与发展路径。



全书包括总报告及四个专题篇。



总报告系统分析低碳城镇化的背景、内涵、政策、战略目标与实现路径，提出低碳是新型城镇化的最核心的刚性约束。城镇化的速度不是问题，如何避免被高碳锁定才是关键。城市建设要加强适应性管理和碳预算管理，打造低碳韧性城市，协同应对气候变化挑战，建设美丽中国。



第一专题聚焦气候变化热点议题，分别就COP19（华沙）预期成果、全球实现2℃升温目标及中国的CO2排放峰值问题、如何增强发达国家2020年减排力度问题、气候变化资金机制谈判进展及对中国形成的新挑战、国际气候谈判中的损失与危害立场，以及对IPCC 第四次评估报告以来关于气候变化科学研究的最新进展进行了深入解读。



第二专题集中论述城镇化与城市低碳转型实践，包括中国城镇化的能源及碳排放问题、低碳试点省区和试点城市进展、中国中小城市低碳发展面临的挑战、中国城市温室气体清单编制方法的内容框架，以及中国绿色建筑发展和城市低碳交通运输体系试点评述。



第三专题聚焦城镇化与城市适应气候变化问题，包括低碳发展与适应的协同治理路径，气候变化对中国典型城市群的影响和潜在风险分析，城市基础设施的气候可行性论证，气候变化与城市布局、功能区规划案例分析，低碳宜居社区建设与低碳消费模式，中国雾霾趋势分析及治理对策，以及2013年江南极端高温事件的思考与启示。



第四专题为案例研究专论，选取了北京市“7·21”特大暴雨、深圳市土地利用、宁夏气候移民、杭州市下城区低碳智慧城区建设、济源市工业发展、广元市城乡统筹、美国纽约桑迪飓风的案例，就低碳发展与气候风险防护等问题进行了深入分析。



本书最后还收录了2012年主要国家、地区以及主要城市人口、经济、能源和CO2排放等相关数据，以及全球和中国气象灾害及损失统计资料，供读者参考。



Climate change is a common
challenge faced by the entire mankind. Since the Doha Conference in 2012, with
a responsible attitude for Chinese people and the world people, the Chinese
government has been promoting the ecological civilization construction as well
as the green and low-carbon development, implementing strong
domestic policies and actions addressing climate change, pushing forward the
international negotiation process constructively according to the principles of
equity, respective capacities and “common but differentiate responsibilities”,
thus making positive contributions in global governance on climate change.



The report of the 18th
Congress of the Communist Party of China points out that promoting the
synchronous development of industrialization, IT application, urbanization and
agriculture modernization should “remove major structural barriers to sustained
and sound economic development, with a focus on improving the demand mix and
the industrial structure, promoting balanced development between regions and
advancing urbanization”, and enhance the strategic restructuring of the economy. It’s a new major task for
current China to explore and develop an intensive, smart, green and low-carbon urbanization process.



Developing low-carbon cities has become a
main focus in reducing energy consumption, transforming previous development
patterns and seeking emerging urban competiveness around the world. In order to
improve the quality of urbanization and explore new urbanization model, China
also needs to develop low-carbon economy based on the
cities. Low-carbon urbanization is a critical component
of new urbanization concept and an effective way to improve urbanization
quality as well as greenhouse gas emission control. Meanwhile, it is becoming
more and more apparent that extreme climate disasters make cities vulnerable.
As a result, it has become imperative to increase the adaptability and
resilience of cities.



By the end of 2012, China has
selected a series of pilot projects for low-carbon development across the
country, including 6 provincial level pilots, 36 low-carbon pilot cities, 26 low-carbon transportation cities,
7 green and low-carbon towns. Meanwhile, macroscopical
strategic researches on low-carbon development are also
initiated, as low-carbon urbanization being one of its main
research focuses.



Annual Report on Actions to
Address Climate Change (2013) focuses on topics of low-carbon urbanization. Experts
on climate science, energy, climate policies and urbanization are invited to
write about hot topics on climate change, urbanization and low-carbon transition practices,
climate resilience of cities, etc. The report also discusses
low-carbon urbanization pathway based on case
studies.



This report has an overview
chapter followed by four sections.



“General
Report” presents systematic analysis of the context，meaning，policies，strategic
goals and pathways of urbanization，suggesting that low-carbon development is the
core constraining factor for the new type of urbanization.The critical point of
urbanization is not speed but how to avoid high carbon lock-in.Adaptability management and
carbon budget management shall be better integrated into urban development in
order to construct low-carbon and resilient cities，synergistically
addressing climate change and contribute to the realization of Beautiful China.



Section I presents insights
on topics including projected outcomes of COP19 in Warsaw，the global
goal of 2 degree centigrade temperature increase and China’s peak emission，how
developed countries should commit to higher emission reduction by 2020，progress of negotiations on climate change financing mechanism and
its new challenging implications for China，loss and
damage standpoint in international climate negotiations，and interpretation of the latest conclusions of IPCC Fifth
Assessment Report.



Section Ⅱ focuses on
urbanization and cities’ low-carbon transition practices.This section is fleshed with
discussions on energy and carbon emission issues，progress of low-carbon pilot provinces and
cities，challenges faced by China’s medium and small-sized cities in their low-carbon development，framework
of China’s urban greenhouse gas inventory
development methodologies，review of China’s green building and low-carbon urban transportation
pilot projects，etc.



Section Ⅲ highlights
urbanization and cities’ resilience to climate change，including
synergetic pathway for low-carbon development and
adaptability，analysis on risks that typical Chinese city clusters face in light
of climate change，climate feasibility study for the
planning and design of urban infrastructures，case
studies on the implications of climate change for urban layout and function
zone planning，low-carbon livable community
development and low-carbon consumption patterns，analysis on
China’s air pollution trends and policies aiming
to abate such pollution，and lessons learned from the heat waves in southern China in 2013.



Section Ⅳ presents a
insightful analysis on low-carbon development and
climate risk management through a collection of case studies，including
studies on the rainstorm that hit Beijing in July 21st 2012，land use in Shenzhen，climate resettlement in
Ningxia Hui autonomous region，low-carbon and smart city
development in Xiacheng district of Hangzhou，industrial development of
Jiyuan city，integration of urban and rural areas in
Guangyuan，and hurricane Sandy that hit New York.



For the reference of the
readers，this report also includes data on some basic facts of major cities
across the world, including their population，economy，energy，carbon emission，as well as data on climate disasters that occurred in the year of
2012 and associated losses.