中国社区发展报告（2018～2019）：社区养老专题

Ⅰ　The Summary Reports
B.1　The Development Path and Countermeasures of Home and Community Elderly Service
　　in China　Cheng Haijun／001
Abstract：On the one hand, China's understanding of the concept and meaning of home and community elderly care services comes from the introduction and discussion of domestic academic circles on the care of the British community and China's Hong Kong district elderly care service that are deeply influenced by the United Kingdom.On the other hand,it originates from the establishment of market economy system and the transformation of social welfare services.The model of home and community elderly service,which has been explored since 2005,has the nature of public service,which embodies the joint responsibility of the state, the society and the family for elderly care,and adapts to the characteristics of “not rich but old” in our country.It has the advantages of proximity,convenience,low cost,and is conducive to promoting employment and new service industries.And it has a low degree of social recognition,a single service project,few beneficiaries,insufficient service funds,lack of professional personnel,low resource efficiency,insufficient market-oriented operations and insufficient preferential policies.In the future,we should proceed from the national conditions,broaden the channels of funding for elderly services in the community,form a diversified investment mechanism,establish and improve service facilities and platforms,promote the professionalization and specialization of talents,and provide preferential policies to support the development of home and community old-age services.
Keywords:Institutional Care;Home Care and Community Elderly Services;Community Services Ageing

B.2　Analysis and Prospect of Community-based Care for the Aged in Beijing　Yang Lixiong／012
Abstract：Beijing is one of the earliest areas to enter an aging society in China.In response to the aging crisis,Beijing has formulated the development model of “9064”,and community-based care has become the key area for the development of elderly care service in Beijing.After years of efforts,Beijing has built a “three-sided and four-level” management and service system of community-based care services for the elderly.In addition,Beijing has established a relatively complete legal and policy system,quality evaluation system,social security system and industrial development system. At the same time, under the encouragement of innovation,the network of elderly posts has gradually formed,the participants of community-based service have been diversified,and the smart care for the aged has been rapidly promoted,community-based care has become the main way of elderly service.Meanwhile,in the development of community-based service for the age,Beijing still needs to straighten out the boundaries of government,market,society and family,and concentrate resources on the poor,elderly and disabled elderly.At the same time,relevant policies should be further improved to enhance the sustainable development of elderly posts.
Keywords:Beijing;Community-based Care;Service Innovation for the Aged

Ⅱ　Home-community Care Development
B.3　Home Care for Seniors :Theory，Approach,Ideal and Reality　Miao Qing／040
Abstract：Home care for Seniors is a mainstream response to the wave of silver hair. The subject——from a few academic discussion at the beginning of the 21st century to the subsequent policy advancement——has now moved towards large-scale development.Based on the integrated vision of the home care and the analysis of entire life course,the author creates an idea of service chain for maintaining dignity in old age,from healthy aging,long-term care to palliative services;promoting those services depends on the integration and backstage support of resources inside and outside the community,including knowledge renewal,policy coordination and popular innovation,and the practice could deepen the understanding of social safety net for old age and the idea of natural death.Running to a good home care for seniors,in addition to improving the professional quality of caregivers,it also needs to popularize the new knowledge of long-term care and palliative services.Through the analysis of vision and the rich content of the elderly service chain,those important nodes for creating an elderly livable community can be clarified.Moving forward on the path based on the analysis above,such as eliminating shortcomings,making solid progress,linking macro goals with implementation rules and bringing together a large number of micro-innovations,the promotion will greatly increase the quality of care services and the well-being of older people.
Keywords:Home Care for Seniors;Aging Services;Long Term Care;Palliative Services;Public Participation

B.4　Strategic Thinking to Healthy Aging Based on Individual and Social Level　Song Mei／052
Abstract：Longevity provides more opportunities for individual achievement and their contribution to society,but longevity elderly people often face a series of health problems,which means that the focus of Chinese society needs to change from pursuing youth and maintaining youth to age-related social participation,contribution,interconnection，physical function and so on.Healthy aging is regarded as a positive solution to the challenges of aging society.Based on the functional goals of individual health and the innovation of modern society,education and public health policies,healthy aging regards the elderly as valuable resources.When people live longer and healthier,society has the ability to eliminate prejudices and provide creative solutions.
Keywords:Healthy Ageing;Strategic;Ageing Discrimination

B.5　The Present Situations, Problems and Reflections of the Intelligent Elderly Service in Beijing Community　Li Jinjuan／061
Abstract：Based on the Internet technology , it is of great significance to improve the quality of the capital city by the artificial intelligence, depending on which we can innovate the way of elderly service, and enhance the sense of community elderly residents' sense of achievement and happiness from the supply side of elderly service. In recent years, although Beijing has made some progress in the construction of intelligent city, especially in the level of community care for the elderly, it is still also in the exploratory stage. This article mainly combs and analyses the current situations and problems of Beijing intelligent elderly in order to provide scientific decisions-making for the government department theoretical basis.
Keywords:Community Care;Intelligent Elderly;Service Smart Technology

B.6　Application Scenario Innovation of 5G Technology in Community Nursing　Li Mao,Xia Chen／073
Abstract：The fifth-generation mobile communication technology has advanced technical advantages and broad application prospects.The 5G technology will be deeply integrated with social production fields,bringing new technological application scenarios and profoundly changing people's production and lifestyle.Studying the innovative application of 5G in the community nursing has certain theoretical significance and practical guiding significance.This paper firstly analyzes the evolution of previous generations of mobile communication technology standards,and points out the characteristics of 5G technology;then focuses on the analysis of the application scenarios of 5G technology in community nursing and the positive effects on the development of community nursing. The paper also points out the difficulties and problems in the application process,and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.
Keywords:5G;Community Nursing;Application Scenario;Innovation

Ⅲ　Community Elderly Facilities
B.7　Analysis of Supply-side Status for Community-based Old Care in Beijing　Qiao Xiaochun／087
Abstract：This paper conducts an analysis on community-based facilities for elderly and disabled care in township and community levels based on the data from home-based service general survey organized by Bureau of Civil Affairs in Beijing.This survey was conducted from 2016 to 2017. Totally 330 streets,countryside and township and 6789 communities,with totally 4104 elderly and disabled care facilities,in 16 districts from Beijing were enumerated.The data dealing with facility field,service status and service functions are also collected on the base of the street and community questionnaire.Based on all the relevant data,the analysis for the all information is undertaken.First of all,this paper expounds community-based facilities total,distribution and coverage theoretically.Secondly,community-based facilities names,character,facilities,origination,environment and building conditions are also considered seriously in this paper.Thirdly,the paper discussed the operating time,the operating mode,number of occupancy and beds as well as employees.Fourthly,it analyzeding the composition and status as well as the distribution of items of service function for community elderly facilities.
Keywords:Elderly and Disabled Care;Home-base Old Care;Service Function

B.8　Research on the Urban-rural Difference of Beijing Community Facilities Serving for the Elderly　Yan Ping,Shi Wanli／121
Abstract：This study used data of “Baseline Survey on Beijing Home-based Care Facilities for the Elderly（2016）”,analyzed urban and rural differences of Beijing community facilities serving for the elderly，and explored urban-rural difference of Beijing community facilities serving for the elderly in the facility coverage,the amount possessed,the name of the facility,area of structure,attributes of the facilities,independent usage,barrier-free facilities,service scale,employee and service function，put forward to perfecting the urban and rural service demand survey for the elderly,explored the effective supply model of community elderly care service facilities suitable for the rural elderly,realized the comprehensive and reasonable coverage of community elderly care service facilities in urban and rural areas,and achieved balanced development in urban and rural areas,strengthened the standardization,independence and rationality of community service facilities for the elderly,further encouraged and supported the participation of social capital in the construction of old-age care facilities,especially in rural areas,and explored diversified modes of participation.We should raise the standard of remuneration for people working in old-age care services and increase the number of professionals working in old-age care facilities.
Keywords:Beijing;Community Facilities Serving for the Elderly;Urban-rural Difference

B.9　Meeting the Ageing Challenge and Perfecting the Situations　of Old-age Care for Metropolitan Cities　Li Shucong／136
Abstract：Beijing is a mega-city with a larger population,and also has deeper degree of aging.In recent years,paying more attention to the “bed side” of the family life,the “side” of community care and the “surroundings” of streets (townships) daily life,which is considered to be “three-sided” service demands,Beijing has strengthened the construction of the “four-level” service security system of city-level guidance,and has maken great progress.In fact,the street (township) care centers for the aged play an important role，since it not only undertakes six functions:institutional pension,community care for the aged,home help for the elderly,skills training,professional support and information management,but also plays the role of “two ends in the middle” by coordinating family，community and other service resources in result to meet the multiple personality needs of the elderly and improve their feelings of gaining and happiness as well as security.In the process of development,we are also faced with various difficulties which have both commonalities and individualities,such as planning,land,legal person,tax,talent,capital,etc.Therefore,we should especially study and discuss services for the elderly further more with the deepening of reform and development.
Keywords:Elderly Services;Community Care;Care Mode

B.10　An Analysis of the Countermeasures and Problems referred to the Old-age Community Services in Beijing　Zhao Huaxia,Li Hongwu／156
Abstract：The old-age community service station is the innovative project of Beijing to lay a solid foundation for home-based elderly care services,to perfect system of elderly care service,and to promote old-age service development,so as to better satisfy the diversified old-age service needs of old people in the community.This article argues that two aspects of the problems should be solved in the process of construction,operation and development of the old-age community service stations.One is that the top-level design should be strengthened by the government to get through the “last kilometer” of policy service.The other is that the subject of operation should be good at helping seeking and self-development simultaneously to consummate the elderly care service of “Three deliveries and Four Hierarchies ” .
Keywords:Old-age Community Service Station；Three Deliveries and Four Hierarchies；System of Elderly Care Service

Ⅳ　Community Care Survey
B.11　Analysis of Residential Environment of Older Residential Communities in Beijing　Zhang Hangkong／169
Abstract：Based on the survey data of 330 townships and 6851 communities in 16 districts of Beijing in 2016 and the survey data organized by the School of Labor Economics of Capital University of Economics and Trade in Dongcheng,Chaoyang and Shijingshan in 2015,this paper analyzes the residential environment of the elderly in older residential communities and the older residential communities.Then this paper finds the number of older residential communities in Beijing is as high as 4229,accounting for a quarter of the total number of residential districts in the city.The older residential communities are mainly concentrated in five districts,including Xicheng,Haidian,Chaoyang,Dongcheng and Fengtai,whose proportion is more than 80%.There is nearly 40% of older residential communities have undergone barrier-free transformation of outdoor environment. More than 60% of the older residential communities have undergone barrier-free transformation of the families of the elderly and the disabled.Compared with the elderly in non-older residential communities,the elderly in older residential communities are relatively poor in residential environment,unit building entrance environment,living room environment,bedroom environment and other living environment,while there is little difference in the interior environment,corridor environment,kitchen environment and toilet environment of the unit building.
Keywords:Older Residential Communities;Elderly;Residential Environment;Beijing

B.12　Research on the Old-age Service of the Sub-center Community in Beijing　Yuan Lei／195
Abstract：Community old-age service is a new socialized pension model between home pension and institutional pension.It can provide necessary support and supplement for home care,and is an important link in the construction of Beijing's sub-center pension service system.The community old-age service station is the main carrier of community care.The Beijing's sub-center is developing the station to meet the material and spiritual needs of the elderly.In practice,there are still problems such as incomplete community pension facilities,unimproved work mechanism of old-age care the poor old-age service team and low social participation.It is suggested that the Beijing sub-center should research on the elderly-friendly international harmonious and livable capital,and actively respond to the aging society through the various plans of the sub-center,and constantly improve the construction of the community-based old-age care service system.
Keywords:Community Old-age Care;Beijing;Sub-center

B.13　“Double Gap”
　　—Research on the Mismatch between Supply and Demand of Pension Service
　　　in Shanghai　Zhu Ling／202

Abstract：It is a core practice to construct a reasonable and harmonious pension service system,however,in the actual implementation process,there exists “double gap” between the subjective intention and effective demand of the pension service,also same between effective demand and the actual supply.This paper takes the “double gap” of pension service in Shanghai as the entry point to analyze the “double gap” situation and regional differences between urban and rural areas.At the same time,this research investigated the current elderly care needs assessment system in Shanghai.This paper discusses the problem of supply and demand mismatch from the multiple perspectives of government,institutions and individuals,so as to provide policy suggestions for establishing a reasonable supply system of pension services and realizing the balance of regional supply structure.
Keywords:Pension Service;Double Gap;Mismat

B.14　Analysis of Supply,Demand and Utilization of Community Home Care Services in China
　　—Evidence from Senior Citizens with Care Needs　Ding Zhihong，Qu Jiayao／216
Abstract：In China,the proportion of senior citizens with care needs is high,and there are great differences among provinces.Senior citizens with care needs show high awareness rate,high demand rate,low utilization rate,poor utilization efficiency and unsatisfied effective demand for most of the elderly care service projects.In terms of groups,elderly women,widowed elderly,poorly educated elderly and economically disadvantaged elderly are the groups with strong demand for elderly care services,but they are in a weak position in terms of access to elderly care services.The awareness rate,utilization rate and oversupply rate of most care services for the elderly with care needs in rural areas are lower than those in urban areas,while the demand rate and the supply gap rate are higher than those in urban areas.There are significant differences in the awareness rate,utilization rate,demand,oversupply rate and supply gap rate of elderly care services for the elderly in the eastern,central,western and northeastern regions,and it is urgent to strengthen the home-based elderly care services in the western and central regions.In addition,this paper proposes targeted suggestions to provide better community home care services.
Keywords:Community Home Care Services;Senior Citizens With Care Needs;Supply;Demand;Utilization

B.15　Research on Problems and Countermeasures of Chishui Old-age Service System under
　　the Background of Urban-Rural Integration：Enlightenment to Beijing　Mu Songlin／239
Abstract：Population aging is one of the practical problems that need to be addressed in the new era.The construction of old-age service system is very important in Chishui City Which is regarded as a longevity town and tourist city in China.The results show that the proportion of the elderly population in Chishui City is 17.7 percent,which shows the characteristics of fast speed,aging and large population.Children support,labor income and retirement pension are the main economic sources of the elderly population.There are three problems in the construction of the old-age service system.In view of the above situation,this paper puts forward three countermeasures and suggestions,and gives good enlightenment and case study for the construction of Beijing's pension service system.
Keywords:Urban-rural Integration;Old-age Service System;Problems and Countermeasures

B.16　Research on the Age characteristics, Qiong Case, and Basic Path of Community health Cultur
　　Yuan Nianyi，Zhang Dongxian and Liu Xuejun／249
Abstract：In the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics,especially under the background of the challenge of population aging,the implementation of health China strategy and the promotion of healthy city and healthy village construction,this paper tries to explore the basic connotation,main characteristics and important functions of health culture,and then comb and refine the health culture practice characteristics in Hainan Province,especially in its three typical cities and counties,the implementation path to develop health culture is presented.
Keywords:Community Health Culture;Population Ageing;Healthy City And Healthy Village;Hainan

B.17　Community Old-age Model Exploration for Migratory Birds
　　—A Case Study of Bama Poyue Village in Guangxi　Zhang Hui／261
Abstract：This article discusses the particularly phenomenon of Bama Poyue village in Guangxi Bama,which is known as tourism and residence for the elderly.In a word,this article not only expounds the choice motivation and situation for the elderly,but also illustrates the important meanings and development problems referred to pension model.Above all,it is also pointed out that the elderly tourism how to develop in the future.
Keywords:“Human Being Like Migratory Birds”；Elderly Tourism;Phenomenon of Bama

Ⅴ　Community Care Practice
B.18　Improvement and Enrichment of Empty-nest Mothers' Spiritual Life　Li Ning／274
Abstract：Empty-nest family does not only means changes of family structure and relationship to women,it also change their self-concept.Influenced by traditional culture,women usually face more difficulties to adapt to a new lifestyle when their only child become independent.It's not an excuse for women to give up their own development just because of empty-nest family environment or retirement.Not only those women themselves,but als society and community need to concern how to help empty-nest mothers adapt to new life after retirement and improve their mental health.At presert, the community of urban can bring lots of joy and excitement to people. Currently,community workers should encourage those empty-nest mothers to participate more social activities to fulfill their spiritual life,then to devote themselves into communities.This would greatly help retirement women and women nearing retirement improve their mental health,promote family harmonious atmosphere,and keep social stability.
Keywords:Empty-nest Mother;Mental Health;Community

B.19　Research on Psychological Support for the Elderly in the CommunityHuang Nanling， Feng Gang／290
Abstract：Community pension becomes a common trend of social pension. It is an important guarantee for improving the retired life that community workers effectively understand the psychological needs of the elderly.This paper focused on the common psychological problems of loneliness,confusion,anxiety and uneasiness,faced by elderly in community.We analyzed the causes of the psychological problems of the elderly in China from the perspective of the change of the pension environment.On this basis,this paper argued that the contents of mental health care for the elderly include establishing whole life goals,adapting to self-help pension mode,cultivating elder's interest,improving harmonious relationship with their family,offering hospice care service and death education.Besides,This paper argues through multiple ways,including establishing a social service system for the elderly psychological care,improving mental health rescue mechanism for the elderly and establishing various forms of community ancestral academies,we could achieve the goal of psychological support services for the elderly in the community.
Keywords:Community Pension;Elderly;Mental Health;Psychological Support

B.20　Research on Approaches and Effectiveness of Professional Social Work Intervention
　　in Urban Community Home-based Old-age Care Service
　　—Taking Haizijiao Community Service Project of Tiangongyuan Street in Daxing District of
　　　Beijing as an ExampleChao Xia，Huang Huazhen and Kang Jian／308
Abstract：This study relies on the Haizijiao community home-based pension service project of Tiangongyuan Street in Daxing District of Beijing,and follows the professional concept of “helping others to help themselves” to intervene in the home-based pension service for the elderly in this community.The main methods include:establishing a joint meeting system to promote professional social work institutions and services to better integrate into the existing community service supply network,forming a collaborative “three-community linkage” mechanism,adhering to the need-based service concept and carrying out multi-level and multi-form professional intervention services,such as case,group and community work,based on the survey data of home-based pension service needs and actively cultivating social organizations of the elderly to enhance their social capital and form a situation of mutual assistance between the elderly from the perspective of empowerment of the elderly.The study also combined qualitative and quantitative project evaluation methods to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention.The results show that the project has achieved remarkable results in professional social work intervention services.
Keywords:Professional Social Work;Urban Community;Home Care Service;Intervention Service;Effectiveness Evaluation

Ⅵ　Institutional Cases
B.21　The “Fullcheer Mode” for the Construction of Community Long-Term Care Service System　Zhang Qifeng／321
Abstract：China is facing the trend of increasing aging,at the same time,rapid economic and social development,so that China's family structure has made significant changes.The lack of children and the miniaturization of family structure make the pressure of traditional family old age surge,which has been difficult to meet the needs of the elderly for old age.The old-age service is different from other general services.The diversification and multi-level needs of the elderly also put forward higher requirements for the aged care service,and long-term care is a feasible response.From the international experience,the developed countries and regions that have taken the lead in the aging of the world have experienced structural changes in the long-term care delivery model,from the development of large-scale pension institutions to miniaturized and specialized community-based institutions,emphasizing on community-based long term care service coverage is to let the disabled and the demented elderly spend their old age in the communities and families they are used to.In this way,the elderly can get professional care services,and they can often get family members.There is no doubt that this concept of “ Community of institutions ” is worthy of reference from China and is more in line with the traditional concept of the elderly.The Fullcheer took the lead in localizing this concept in China,taking community-based long-term care institutions as the main body,carrying out systematic layout and chain operation,and forming a professional and efficient community long-term care service system.
Keywords:Long-term Care;Community and Home-based Old-age Care;Chain Replication

B.22　To Build Comprehensive Services and Get through the Micro-circulation of Home-based
　　Care in the Community
　　—Taking Leling Elderly Social Work Service Center in Shijingshan District of Beijing as
　　　an Example　Wang Yanrui／334
Abstract：Over the past 13 years,Leling Elderly Social Work Service Center has adhered to the beautiful vision of “let every aged citizen enjoy the happy life at home”,never forgetting the original intention,and gradually growing from small to large,growing into a community nursing institution with certain popularity.Leling takes precision service,professional training,diversified brand activities to promote community integration and promote standardization construction as its operating mechanism.Leling adheres to the needs-oriented work,taking the elderly as the center;insisting on the integration of formal and informal care;continuing to target middle and low-income elderly people;adhering to the most suitable is the best service concept to serve the community elderly,and the results are commendable.Based on this,Leling analyzed the internal and external policy challenges of itself，proposed effective countermeasures,and proposed the future vision of development.
Keywords:Community Home Care;Leling Elderly Social Work Service Center;Micro-circulation

B.23　Practice of “See Young”Youth Volunteer Service for the Aged and Thoughts on Public
　　Welfare Theory　Luo Xu，Zhang Jiaxin,He Shaosen，Sui Mingzhe and Wang Yu／346
Abstract：This paper takes See Young as an example to analyze and discuss.See Young is a social organization with the vision of “let the elderly live a high-quality life”. See Young takes root into the community for a long time to serve the elderly in the community.In order to enrich the elderly's life in the community,young volunteers from universities are encouraged to serve the elderly in the community,and use the “information technology to help the elderly” to bridge the digital gap and alleviate the loneliness of the elderly.Based on the actual service cases and the corresponding theoretical thinking and research,this paper mainly discusses the following three issues and draws the corresponding conclusions.(1) See Young's service for the elderly is based on the needs of the elderly,the main service content is constantly changing and adjusting with the development of the times,from the Internet Era to the mobile Internet era,with the technological progress,the needs of the elderly are constantly changing.The service content will be updated accordingly.(2) The service mode of See Young is based on the needs of the elderly in the community,and through multi-form and multi-content service mode,a standardized service system has been established,which has a solid basis for promotion and replication;(3) See Young will combine community volunteer service with community building and social governance,and effectively mobilize and cultivate the elderly.Group feeding back society,and continuing to serve the elderly in other communities,to create a new model of governance innovation.Based on the above results,this paper makes corresponding prospects for the future development of volunteer service for the elderly and its combination with the old-age industry,and puts forward expectations for the development of the industry,hoping that volunteer service for the elderly can be rationally integrated with the old-age industry,in-depth integration,joint promotion and comprehensive improvement of the quality of life of the elderly in Chinese communities.
Keywords:See Young;Public Service;Institutionalization

B.24　An Analysis of the Integrated Community Elderly Model
　　—Taking “Cuncaochunhui” Institution as an Example　Wang Xiaolong／365
Abstract：Taking “Cuncaochunhui” institution as an example,this paper puts forward the “Integrated elderly Model”,which aims to define the internal clues of the elderly service process,integrates the traditional and modern elements of modernity to meet the elderly's diverse and different needs to a greater extent.We can see that the older people staying in nursing homes face the dilemma of reconstructing the life in this article,that is to say,from the family-centered world of life to the life world of nursing homes,which could be solved relying on the integrated elderly service model.Therefore,it is necessary to encourage private investment in the legal market,liberalize access,make full use of the idle resources of community care services to strengthen the normative and fair community care services.Relying on the pension service information platform to promote the integration and development of institutional pension，community pension and home pension, and further strengthen the standardization and fairness of community pension service.
Keywords:Intergradation;“Cuncaochunhui”;Platform
B.25 Exploration on the Multi-level Compound Pattern of Community Aged Care
　　—Taking Jingyuxuan Aged Care Station as an Example Yang Bo,Chai Jian and Ma Liangji／376
Abstract：The deepening of population aging makes the existing aged care pattern face challenges,and how to solve the pension problem gradually becomes the social focus.Jingyuxuan Group Corporation which is founded in 2005 engaged in big health,pension industry for long term.Since 2013,Jingyuxuan have built nearly 90 community aged care stations.Relying on its professional service companies,Jingyuxuan creatively creates a multi-level compound pattern of community aged care station pattern.This article sorts out the pattern of connotation,framework,operating mechanism,management process and innovative measures,and presents its major experience and major issues to other institutions and organizations engaged in aged care services.
Keywords:Community-home Elderly Care;Elderly Care Station;Multi-level Compound Pattern;Jingyuxuan