欧洲工业化、城镇化与农业劳动力流动

 



工业化、城镇化，作为人类社会历史的拐点，是现代经济增长的核心命题，而劳动力的结构变迁进而二元经济结构的转变则是工业化的程式化特征。这一程式化特征主要表现为劳动力持续地从农业部门流向非农业部门，由农业向制造业和服务业流动。本书系统论述了欧洲农业劳动力流动的机制、动因、共性以及存在的问题及其对策，试图回答以下五个问题。



（1）欧洲农业劳动力流动具有怎样的影响机制？本书第一章在对主要的二元结构理论模型简要评述的基础上，对刘-费-拉二元结构模型进行了扩展，增加了技术创新与技能教育两个变量，强调了这两个变量在农业劳动力流动中的效应，描述了在技术和教育作用下农业劳动力的释放和吸收路径。提出技术断层是劳动力职业转变过程中的瓶颈，而教育则是突破瓶颈的决定因素。



（2）什么是农业劳动力流动的核心推动力？本书第二章基于对工业化框架下农业劳动力流动的考察，认为欧洲主要资本主义国家农业劳动力流动的核心推动力涵盖了以下六个动因：技术创新与扩散、非农产业的发展、农业技术进步、土地制度的变革、基础设施建设以及政府政策的作用。在不同国家以及同一国家工业化的不同阶段，驱动农业劳动力流动的主导因素不尽相同，但都囊括了上述因素的共同作用。



（3）不同国家的农业劳动力流动是否存在规律性的特征与趋势？本书第三章探讨了这一问题，强调了以下共性：农业劳动力流动主要与工业化相联系，劳动力结构变化的时间和速度决定于工业化的进度；劳动力的流向与产业的兴起和发展方向相一致，在产业更替的过程中，劳动力的流向呈现对产业兴起和扩张方向的跟踪性变化；劳动力的流动很难在不同阶层之间实现；劳动力流向的重点领域在工业化的后期必然从工业转向服务业，对农业劳动力的吸纳最终要依赖于第三产业的发展。此外，本书以多种原因叠加导致的流动指数的季节变化、流动指数在波峰与波谷之间的差距直观论证了不同国家农业劳动力流动所共有的双向性特征。



（4）如何缓解劳动力流动中被放大了的城市压力和社会非均衡问题？本书第四章探讨了失业和贫困、资本与劳动之间及劳动者内部不同群体之间的收入差距和社会地位差距、劳工住房困境等城市病和社会失衡问题以及不同国家的应对之策。提出农业劳动力流动中的失业现象在于工业化进程中农业部门释放能力与非农业部门吸纳能力之间在数量、技能以及信息上的非对称性。以劳动者内部不同群体之间的差异为切入点，分析了工业化的收益流向在不同群体之间的巨大差距，利用丰富的史料解开了在整体数据掩盖下的悖论。本书提出，工业化的过程正是不断地制造并设法解决一系列不平衡的过程，欧洲国家相继走向了福利国家建设的方向，其中不可忽视的是从内在的动力着手，立足于劳动者自身素质的提高，依赖于教育和职业培训，增强劳动者的适应能力，同时以就地城镇化发展产业替代劳动力向主要城市的大量流动，来缓释城市问题。



（5）欧洲的经验是否对症中国工业化和城镇化？第五章结合我国城市病和农村劳动力诉求，根据大量的实地问卷调研和访谈，以及欧洲国家的案例分析，提出“去中心化”和就地城镇化，实现资源、公共产品和公共服务的同质化和均等化，以产业转移替代劳动力向主要城市的大量流动，来缓释城市问题，推动地区的平衡和可持续发展。



最后，结论部分紧扣中国的现实，提出了欧洲主要资本主义国家在“问题—对策”形成过程中的相关逻辑，无论是劳动力流动条件的创造、产业战略和流动方式的选择、就地城镇化和去中心化的实现，还是福利制度的建设，以及对问题的各种回应，及时、适时、到位的政府调控都是其中必不可少的因素。这种逻辑经验将在中国建设和谐社会的实践中日臻完善。



 



关键词：欧洲工业化　去中心化　就地城镇化　劳动力流动　社会失衡







Industrialization and urbanization, as an
inflection point inlaid in human social history, is the core topic of modern
economic growth. The change of labor structure, then the evolution of economic
structure is a formulating characteristic of industrialization. This kind of
formulation is displayed as that the labor force keeps continuously flowing
from agricultural sector to non-agricultural sectors. This dissertation dates
back nearly 200 years to trace and review the mechanism, impetus, common
features and solutions to the obstacles related in the industrialization and
urbanization of the main European countries. Focusing on five main core issues
affiliated to the industrialization, urbanization and their migrant workers,
the dissertation aims to acquire the original understandings and experiences,
and constructive references for China’s industrialization, urbanization and the
migrant labor issues.



（1）What
is the mechanism of the rural labor migration in European industrialization? In
view of the comment on economic structural transition models by W. Arthur
Lewis, Harris, J., Todaro, John C. H. Fei and Gustav Ranis, the author adds the
technical and educational factors to expand the Lewis-Fei-Ranis model. This
dissertation puts stress on the function of technology and professional
education in the economic structural transition. It illustrates that technical
fault zone is a vital challenge for the majority of migrant workers,
consequently, the professional education is the key factor to break down this
barrier.



（2）What’re
the key impetus to rural migration? On the basis of the investigation of main
European industrialized countries, the dissertation puts forward six key
impetus including technological innovation and expansion, development of non-agricultural
sectors, land system reform, improvement of public services and governance
reform. Beyond all doubts, the leading motive varies in different countries and
changes according to different stages even in the same country.



（3）Are
there any regularities and common trends in the process of industrialization
and urbanization? The author argues that the migration is notably correlated
with industrialization. The speed and scale depend on the variable process of
industrialization. The direction of labor-flow is based on the trend of
industrial development and dances to the tune of the industrial expansion. The
labor transformation from agricultural sector to non-agricultural sector
depends on the development of Secondary Industry and Tertiary Industry. Based
on the distance between the wave crest and the trough of the labor-flowing
index curve, the author proves that the “two-way flow” is a remarkable characteristic in industrialization of different
countries other than the former conclusion which was described as “one-way migration”.



（4）How
could the social imbalances that grew during industrialization and urbanization
be alleviated? The dissertation discusses unemployment, poverty and housing
problems in the process of labor migration. It demonstrates that the
unemployment in the job-transition is due to their quantitative, technical and
informational non-symmetric features between agricultural and non-agricultural
sectors. Focusing on the industrial benefit distribution, the author analyses
the disparity between the capitalists and the labor workers, the divergence
among different groups. Therefore, the dissertation claims that
industrialization as well as urbanization is a process of solving a series of
problems it produced and polishing different kinds of imbalances occurred
correspondently.



（5）Is the
European experience applicable to China？Based on the
survey of industrialization in main European countries, the dissertation argues
that the “in situ urbanization” plus “decentralization” in
rural China is an optimize choice to settle the related problems. It is critically
important to create industries and move the labor-intensive industries from
developed areas to undeveloped areas, instead of the moving of migrant workers.
Meanwhile, additional stress should be put on the decentralization, which helps
to make scientific allocation of resources possible and to meet the target of
equal access to the public goods and services. This also prescribes the right
medicine for China’s Migrant issues.



In conclusion, this dissertation traces out the
main logical principles of “problems-solutions” mechanism of European
industrialization pioneers. The construction of welfare state and the
improvement of labor quality are proved as effective approaches. The effective
and opportune governance which based on the negotiation and co-operation among
government, enterprises, organizations and individuals is a fundamental key to
all the solutions as well as public services supply, industrial strategy choice-making
and response to any tricky issues. The logic principles of European industrialization
such as in situ urbanization, decentralization and welfare state, could be
conductive to the building of China harmonious society.



 



Key Words: European Industrialization; Decentralization; In
Situ Urbanization; Migrant Workers; Social Imbalance