摘要
随着生态环境日渐恶化,人们对保护环境与动物的意识日渐增强,素食成为一种饮食与文化潮流席卷全球。个体的饮食行为深受社会文化影响,然而目前关于素食心理的研究仍集中在西方情境,我国本土情境下的素食心理亟待关注。本研究旨在考察个体成为素食者的动机、素食后内在与外在反馈及应对策略,采用扎根理论的研究路径,对23位不同类型的素食者进行深度访谈。通过编码分析,结果发现:(1)除了健康、动物与环境保护等常见的自利、利他型动机外,我国素食者的动机还体现了生命成长、报恩等具有文化特异性的生命观与因果观;(2)受访者在素食后的内在反馈体现为积极和消极的身心变化,积极心理反应包括情绪平稳、注意力更集中、生命品质与自控力提升等,积极身体反应包括睡眠改善、体质增强等;消极变化主要体现在身体的短期不适(口腔溃疡、贫血等);(3)素食者面临的外在反馈包括社会压力(如亲友的质疑、劝阻等),以及积极(自控力强)和消极(营养不均衡、柔弱、贫乏等)的刻板印象。素食者采取掩饰素食偏好、影响他人、寻求内群体社会支持等行为应对策略。未来研究有待进一步关注本土情境下素食者面临的社会压力与道德困境。本研究对素食的道德面向及文化影响,以及素食产业的发展提供了启示。
作者
刘潇肖 ,厦门大学管理学院企业管理系副教授。
蔡崧吟 ,厦门大学管理学院企业管理系硕士研究生。
宋璐阳 ,清华大学经济管理学院市场营销系博士研究生。
曾雅丽 ,兰州大学管理学院工商管理系硕士研究生。
- 陈向明,1996,《定性研究中的效度问题》,《教育研究》第7期,第52~58页。
- 邓永芳、刘国和,2020,《中国先秦时期的素食观》,《南京林业大学学报》(人文社会科学版)第20期,第25~32页。
- 福克斯,M.A,2015,《深层素食主义》,王瑞香译,北京:电子工业出版社。
- 韩雨芳、喻丰、杨沈龙、许丽颖、赵靓、丁晓军,2020,《素食行为动机及影响因素》,《中国临床心理学杂志》第28期,第636~641页。
- 李桂芹,2009,《集约化畜禽养殖动物福利的研究与探讨》,微生物与环境卫生学硕士论文,山东大学。
- 林清凉,2012,《中国汉传佛教素食观疑议略辨》,《法音》第6期,第28~35页。
- 刘潇肖、田启瑞、曾雅丽,2019,《素食的心理过程及影响因素》,《心理科学进展》第27期,第1320~1330页。
- 卢俊、陈浩、乐国安,2017,《松-紧文化:跨文化心理学研究的新维度》,《心理科学进展》第25期,第887~902页。
- 鲁永超、潘东潮,2014,《我行我素:中国素食研究》,武汉大学出版社。
- 毛绚霞、沈秀华、唐文静、赵烨、吴凡、朱珍妮、汤庆娅、蔡威,2015,《上海素食人群构成及素食者健康和饮食行为调查》,《卫生研究》第44期,第237~241页。
- 凃宗呈,2005,《我国中古的素食观》,历史学研究所硕士学位论文,台湾大学。
- 凃宗呈,2011,《足展诚敬,无累冥道——中国中古的素食祭祀》,《中国中古史研究:中国中国史青年学者联谊会会刊(第一卷)》。
- 王青青、张玉苹、王晓、曲永龙,2020,《素食在我国的发展及对素食者的合理建议》,《中华中医药杂志》第35期,第684~686页。
- 徐建平、张厚粲,2005,《质性研究中编码者信度的多种方法考察》,《心理科学》第28期,第1430~1432页。
- 叶红燕、张凤华,2015,《从具身视角看道德判断》,《心理科学进展》第23期,第1480~1488页。
- 张晓卫,2005,《早期基督徒与素食》,《宗教学研究》第4期。
- Agarwal,U.,Mishra,S.,Xu,J.,Levin,S.,Gonzales,J.,& Barnard,N.D.(2015). A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a nutrition intervention program in a multiethnic adultpopulation in the corporate setting reduces depression and anxiety and improves quality of life:The GEICO study. American Journal of Health Promotion,29(4),245-254.
- Beezhold,B.L.,Johnston,C.S.,& Daigle,D.R.(2010). Vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states:A cross-sectional study in seventh day adventist adults. Nutrition Journal,9,1-7.
- Billig,M.,Condor,S.,Edwards,D.,Gane,M.,Middle-ton,D.,& Radley,A.(1988). Ideological dilemmas:A social psychology of everyday thinking. London:Sage Publications.
- de Boer,J.,Schösler,H.,& Aiking,H.(2017). Towards a reduced meat diet:Mindset and motivation of young vegetarians,low,medium and high meat-eaters. Appetite,113,387-397.
- de Jonge,J.,van der Lans,I.A.,& van Trijp,H.C.(2015). Different shades of grey:Compromise products to encourage animal friendly consumption. Food Quality and Preference,45,87-99.
- Dhont,K.,& Hodson,G.(2014). Why do right-wing adherents engage in more animal exploitation and meat consumption?Personality and Individual Differences,64,12-17.
- FAO.(2006). Livestock’s long shadow. Environmental issues and options. Rome:Food and Agriculture Organisation.
- Forestell,C.A.,Spaeth,A.M.,& Kane,S.A.(2012). To eat or not to eat red meat. A closer look at the relationship between restrained eating and vegetarianism in college females. Appetite,58(1),319-325.
- Fox,N.,& Ward,K.(2008). Health,ethics and environment:A qualitative study of vegetarian motivations. Appetite,50(2-3),422-429.
- Gelfand,M.J.,Raver,J.L.,Nishii,L.,& Leslie,L.M.(2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures:A 33-nation study. Science,332(6033),1100-1104.
- Haidt,J.(2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science,316,998-1002.
- Hoffman,S.R.,Stallings,S.F.,Bessinger,R.C.,& Brooks,G.T.(2013). Differences between health and ethical vegetarians. Strength of conviction,nutrition knowledge,dietary restriction,and duration of adherence. Appetite,65,139-144.
- Jabs,J.,Devine,C.M.,& Sobal,J.(1998). Model of the process of adopting vegetarian diets:Health vegetarians and ethical vegetarians. Journal of Nutrition Education,30(4),196-202.
- Kessler,C.S.,Holler,S.,Joy,S.,Dhruva,A.,Michalsen,A.,Dobos,G.,& Cramer,H.(2016). Personality profiles,values and empathy:Differences between lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans. Complementary Medicine Research,23(2),95-102.
- Kildal,C.L.,& Syse,K.L.(2017). Meat and masculinity in the Norwegian Armed Forces. Appetite,112,69-77.
- Li,S.,Liu,X.X.,Cai,S.,& Scott,N.(2021). Vegan tours in China:Motivation and benefits. International Journal of Tourism Research,23(2):238-252.
- Radnitz,C.,Beezhold,B.,& DiMatteo,B.2015. Investigation of life style choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health and ethical reasons. Appetite,90,31-36.
- Rosenfeld,D.L.(2018). The psychology of vegetarianism:Recent advances and future directions. Appetite,131,125-138.
- Rozin,P.(1996). Towards a psychology of food and eating:From motivation to module to model to marker,morality,meaning,and metaphor. Current Directions in Psychological Science,5(1),18-24.
- Ruby,M.B.(2012). Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study. Appetite,58(1),141-150.
- Strauss,A.,& Corbin,J.(1990). Basics of qualitative research:Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park:Sage.
- Tseng,A.A.(2018). Five influential factors for Chinese Buddhists’ vegetarianism. Worldviews:Global Religions,Culture & Ecology,22(2),143-162.
- Wilson,M.S.,Weatherall,A.,& Butler,C.(2004). A rhetorical approach to discussions about health and vegetarianism. Journal of Health Psychology,9(4),567-581.
- Zhang,Q.Q.,Ying,G.G.,Pan,C.G.,Liu,Y.S.,& Zhao,J.L.(2015). Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of china:Source analysis,multimedia modeling,and linkage to bacterial resistance. Environmental Science & Technology,49(11),6772-6782.
- 陈向明,1996,《定性研究中的效度问题》,《教育研究》第7期,第52~58页。
- 邓永芳、刘国和,2020,《中国先秦时期的素食观》,《南京林业大学学报》(人文社会科学版)第20期,第25~32页。
- 福克斯,M.A,2015,《深层素食主义》,王瑞香译,北京:电子工业出版社。
- 韩雨芳、喻丰、杨沈龙、许丽颖、赵靓、丁晓军,2020,《素食行为动机及影响因素》,《中国临床心理学杂志》第28期,第636~641页。
- 李桂芹,2009,《集约化畜禽养殖动物福利的研究与探讨》,微生物与环境卫生学硕士论文,山东大学。
- 林清凉,2012,《中国汉传佛教素食观疑议略辨》,《法音》第6期,第28~35页。
- 刘潇肖、田启瑞、曾雅丽,2019,《素食的心理过程及影响因素》,《心理科学进展》第27期,第1320~1330页。
- 卢俊、陈浩、乐国安,2017,《松-紧文化:跨文化心理学研究的新维度》,《心理科学进展》第25期,第887~902页。
- 鲁永超、潘东潮,2014,《我行我素:中国素食研究》,武汉大学出版社。
- 毛绚霞、沈秀华、唐文静、赵烨、吴凡、朱珍妮、汤庆娅、蔡威,2015,《上海素食人群构成及素食者健康和饮食行为调查》,《卫生研究》第44期,第237~241页。
- 凃宗呈,2005,《我国中古的素食观》,历史学研究所硕士学位论文,台湾大学。
- 凃宗呈,2011,《足展诚敬,无累冥道——中国中古的素食祭祀》,《中国中古史研究:中国中国史青年学者联谊会会刊(第一卷)》。
- 王青青、张玉苹、王晓、曲永龙,2020,《素食在我国的发展及对素食者的合理建议》,《中华中医药杂志》第35期,第684~686页。
- 徐建平、张厚粲,2005,《质性研究中编码者信度的多种方法考察》,《心理科学》第28期,第1430~1432页。
- 叶红燕、张凤华,2015,《从具身视角看道德判断》,《心理科学进展》第23期,第1480~1488页。
- 张晓卫,2005,《早期基督徒与素食》,《宗教学研究》第4期。
- Agarwal,U.,Mishra,S.,Xu,J.,Levin,S.,Gonzales,J.,& Barnard,N.D.(2015). A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a nutrition intervention program in a multiethnic adultpopulation in the corporate setting reduces depression and anxiety and improves quality of life:The GEICO study. American Journal of Health Promotion,29(4),245-254.
- Beezhold,B.L.,Johnston,C.S.,& Daigle,D.R.(2010). Vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states:A cross-sectional study in seventh day adventist adults. Nutrition Journal,9,1-7.
- Billig,M.,Condor,S.,Edwards,D.,Gane,M.,Middle-ton,D.,& Radley,A.(1988). Ideological dilemmas:A social psychology of everyday thinking. London:Sage Publications.
- de Boer,J.,Schösler,H.,& Aiking,H.(2017). Towards a reduced meat diet:Mindset and motivation of young vegetarians,low,medium and high meat-eaters. Appetite,113,387-397.
- de Jonge,J.,van der Lans,I.A.,& van Trijp,H.C.(2015). Different shades of grey:Compromise products to encourage animal friendly consumption. Food Quality and Preference,45,87-99.
- Dhont,K.,& Hodson,G.(2014). Why do right-wing adherents engage in more animal exploitation and meat consumption?Personality and Individual Differences,64,12-17.
- FAO.(2006). Livestock’s long shadow. Environmental issues and options. Rome:Food and Agriculture Organisation.
- Forestell,C.A.,Spaeth,A.M.,& Kane,S.A.(2012). To eat or not to eat red meat. A closer look at the relationship between restrained eating and vegetarianism in college females. Appetite,58(1),319-325.
- Fox,N.,& Ward,K.(2008). Health,ethics and environment:A qualitative study of vegetarian motivations. Appetite,50(2-3),422-429.
- Gelfand,M.J.,Raver,J.L.,Nishii,L.,& Leslie,L.M.(2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures:A 33-nation study. Science,332(6033),1100-1104.
- Haidt,J.(2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science,316,998-1002.
- Hoffman,S.R.,Stallings,S.F.,Bessinger,R.C.,& Brooks,G.T.(2013). Differences between health and ethical vegetarians. Strength of conviction,nutrition knowledge,dietary restriction,and duration of adherence. Appetite,65,139-144.
- Jabs,J.,Devine,C.M.,& Sobal,J.(1998). Model of the process of adopting vegetarian diets:Health vegetarians and ethical vegetarians. Journal of Nutrition Education,30(4),196-202.
- Kessler,C.S.,Holler,S.,Joy,S.,Dhruva,A.,Michalsen,A.,Dobos,G.,& Cramer,H.(2016). Personality profiles,values and empathy:Differences between lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans. Complementary Medicine Research,23(2),95-102.
- Kildal,C.L.,& Syse,K.L.(2017). Meat and masculinity in the Norwegian Armed Forces. Appetite,112,69-77.
- Li,S.,Liu,X.X.,Cai,S.,& Scott,N.(2021). Vegan tours in China:Motivation and benefits. International Journal of Tourism Research,23(2):238-252.
- Radnitz,C.,Beezhold,B.,& DiMatteo,B.2015. Investigation of life style choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health and ethical reasons. Appetite,90,31-36.
- Rosenfeld,D.L.(2018). The psychology of vegetarianism:Recent advances and future directions. Appetite,131,125-138.
- Rozin,P.(1996). Towards a psychology of food and eating:From motivation to module to model to marker,morality,meaning,and metaphor. Current Directions in Psychological Science,5(1),18-24.
- Ruby,M.B.(2012). Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study. Appetite,58(1),141-150.
- Strauss,A.,& Corbin,J.(1990). Basics of qualitative research:Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park:Sage.
- Tseng,A.A.(2018). Five influential factors for Chinese Buddhists’ vegetarianism. Worldviews:Global Religions,Culture & Ecology,22(2),143-162.
- Wilson,M.S.,Weatherall,A.,& Butler,C.(2004). A rhetorical approach to discussions about health and vegetarianism. Journal of Health Psychology,9(4),567-581.
- Zhang,Q.Q.,Ying,G.G.,Pan,C.G.,Liu,Y.S.,& Zhao,J.L.(2015). Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of china:Source analysis,multimedia modeling,and linkage to bacterial resistance. Environmental Science & Technology,49(11),6772-6782.