论文

参照群体、社会身份与位置考虑

摘要

社会科学研究中对人们的社会比较倾向存在着三种不同的观点:绝对收益考虑、相对位置考虑和平等主义考虑。通过针对在校大学生和在职人员两类群体的问卷调查,本文探讨了不同条件下人们社会比较倾向的复杂性和变异性。研究发现,随着比较事项、参照群体和社会身份等条件的变化,个体的位置考虑也会相应地发生变化。在参照群体从其他人变为同事后,无论是在校学生还是在职人员,在所有事项上的相对位置考虑都明显降低,而平等考虑和绝对收益考虑明显增加。当参照群体为其他人时,在几乎所有事项上在职人员明显比在校大学生表现出更低的相对位置考虑和更高的平等考虑;而当参照群体为同事时,在绝大多数事项上在职人员的位置考虑与在校大学生没有显著差异。

作者

李国武 ,中央财经大学社会与心理学院院长,社会学系教授、硕士生导师;研究方向为经济社会学、组织社会学、金融与社会。2004年获北京大学社会学系博士学位,2009~2010年为美国杜克大学亚太研究中心访问学者;兼任中国社会工作教育协会金融社会工作专业委员会理事长、中国社会学会经济社会学专业委员会理事等。在《社会》《社会学评论》等期刊上发表论文60余篇,出版学术著作、译著10余部,担任《金融与社会》(集刊)主编。
陈姝妤 ,浙江大学马克思主义学院助教。

参考文献 查看全部 ↓
  • 李汉林、魏钦恭、张彦,2010,《社会变迁过程中的结构紧张》,《中国社会科学》第2期。
  • 罗伯特·K.默顿,2006,《社会理论和社会结构》,唐少杰等译,译林出版社。
  • 马磊、刘欣,2010,《中国城市居民的分配公平感研究》,《社会学研究》第5期。
  • 马克斯·韦伯,2010,《马克斯·韦伯社会学文集》,阎克文译,人民出版社。
  • 吴菲、王俊秀,2017,《相对收入与主观幸福感:检验农民工的多重参照群体》,《社会》第2期。
  • 张海东,2004,《城市居民对社会不平等现象的态度研究——以长春市调查为例》,《社会学研究》第6期。
  • Adams,J.S.1963.“Toward an Understanding of Inequity.”Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology 67(5).
  • Alesina,A.,R.Di Tella,and R.MacCulloch.2004.“Inequality and Happiness:Are Europeans and Americans Different?”Journal of Public Economics 88(9-10).
  • Alpizar,Francisco,Fredrik Carlsson,and Olof Johansson-Stenman.2005.“How Much Do We Care about Absolute Versus Relative Income and Consumption?”Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization56(3).
  • Becker,Gary S.1974.“A Theory of Social Interactions.”Journal of Political Economy 82 (6).
  • Carlsson,F.,O.Johansson-Stenman,and P.Martinsson.2007.“Do You Enjoy Having More than Others? Survey Evidence of Positional Goods.”Economica74(296).
  • Carlsson,F.and P.Qin.2010.“It is Better to Be the Head of a Chicken than the Tail of a Phoenix:A Study of Concern for Relative Standing in Rural China.”Journal of Socio-Economics 39(2).
  • Chao,A.and J.B.Schor.1998.“Empirical Tests of Status Consumption:Evidence from Women's Cosmetics.”Journal of Economic Psychology 19(1).
  • Celse,J.2012.“Is the Positional Bias an Artefact? Distinguishing Positional Concerns from Egalitarian Concerns.”The Journal of Socio-Economics41(3).
  • Duesenberry,James,1949,Income,Savings and the Theory of Consumer Behavior,Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
  • Easterlin,R.1995.“Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All?”Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 27(1).
  • Fehr,E.and K.M.Schmidt.1999.“A Theory of Fairness,Competition and Cooperation.”Quarterly Journal of Economics114(5).
  • Ferrer-i-Carbonell,Ada,and Ramos,Xavier.2010.“Inequality Aversion and Risk Attitudes.”IZA Discussion PaperNo.4703.Available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1545130.
  • Frank,R.H.1985a.Choosing the Right Pond:Human Behavior and the Quest for Status .Oxford University Press.
  • Frank,R.H.1985b.“The Demand for Unobservable and Other Nonpositional Goods.”American Economic Review75(1).
  • Frank,R.H.2008.“Should Public Policy Respond to Positional Externalities?”Journal of Public Economics 92(8-9).
  • Frank,R.and C.Sunstein.2001.“Cost-benefit Analysis and Relative Position.”University of Chicago Law Review68 (2).
  • Festinger,L.1954.“A Theory of Social Comparison Processes.”Human Relations7(7).
  • Graham C.and A.Felton.2006.“Inequality and Happiness:Insights from Latin America.”Journal of Economic Inequality4(1).
  • Grolleau,G.and S.Saïd.2008.“Do You Prefer Having More or More than Others? Survey Evidence on Positional Concerns in France.”Journal of Economic Issues42 (4).
  • Grosfeld,I.and C.Senik.2008.“The Emerging Aversion to Inequality:Evidence from Poland 1992-2005.”Social Science Electronic Publishing18(1).
  • Hamermesh,Daniel S.,and Jeff E.Biddle.1994.“Beauty and the Labor Market.”American Economic Review 84(5).
  • Hirsh,F.1976.Social Limits to Growth .Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
  • Hyman,H.1942.“The Psychology of Subjective Status.”Psychological Bulletin 39.
  • Kelley,H.H.1952.“Two Functions of Reference Groups.”In G.E.Swanson,T.M.Newcomb,and E.L.Hartley(eds.),Readings in Social Psychology (2nd).New York:Holt,Rinehart & Winston.
  • Kulik,C.T.and M.L.Ambrose.1992.“Personal and Situational Determinants of Referent Choice.”Academy of Management Review17(2).
  • Luttmer,Erzo F.P.2005.“Neighbors as Negatives:Relative Earnings and Well-being.”The Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(3).
  • Norton,M.I.and D.Ariely.2011.“Building a Better America:One Wealth Quintile at a Time.”Perspectives on Psychological Science 6(1).
  • Oshio T.and M.Kobayashi.2011.“Area-Level Income Inequality and Happiness:Evidence from Japan.”Journal of Happiness Studies 12(4).
  • Ravallion,M.and M.Lokshin.2000.“Who Wants to Redistribute? The Tunnel Effect in 1990s Russia.”Journal of Public Economic 76(1).
  • Sen,A.1983.“Poor,Relatively Speaking.”Oxford Economic Papers 35(2).
  • Senik,C.2005.“What Can We Learn from Subjective Data? The Case of Income and Well-being.”Journal of Economic Surveys19(1).
  • Grosfeld,I.,and C.Senik.2008.“The Emerging Aversion to Inequality:Evidence from Poland 1992-2005.”Social Science Electronic Publishing18(1).
  • Shibutani,T.1955.“Reference Groups as Perspectives.”American Journal of Sociology60(6).
  • Solnick,S.J.and D.Hemenway.1998.“Is More Always Better?A Survey on Positional Concerns.”Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization37(3).
  • Solnick,S.J.and D.Hemenway.2005.“Are Positional Concerns Stronger in Some Domains than in Others?”American Economic Review 95(2).
  • Solnick,S.J.,Li Hong,and D.Hemenway.2007.“Positional Goods in the United States and China.”Journal of Socio-Economics36(4).
  • Thurow,L.1973.“The Income Distribution as a Pure Public Good.”Quarterly Journal of Economics87(85).
  • Veblen,T.1899.The Theory of the Leisure Class .MacMillan,New York.

参照群体、社会身份与位置考虑

可试读20%内容 PDF阅读 阅读器阅览

试读已结束,剩余80%未读

¥6.48 查看全文 >

VIP免费