论文

不平等与经济增长

摘要

无论是从收入不平等、财富不平等,还是从机会不平等角度看,美国的不平等问题都很严重,并呈现不断加剧的趋势。不平等问题也正在全球众多国家蔓延。相比而言,美国已经变成全球发达经济体中最不平等的国家。为不平等辩护的边际生产率理论,存在严重的缺陷。收入分配不能为标准的经济学理论所解释。不平等的代价是巨大而且多元的。不断加剧的不平等是富裕国家当下的经济困境的重要原因。在过去的35年里,最富裕的国家发展演变的三个显著特征是财富与收入比例的增加、工资中位数的停滞和资本回报率下降的失灵。通过更好的公司治理、反垄断和反歧视的法律、一个被更好地监管的金融体系、更健全的工人权利、更激进的税收和转移支付政策等来“重写治理市场经济的规则”,一个更平等的、更强劲的经济增长是可能实现的。

作者

斯蒂格利茨 (Joseph Stiglitz),哥伦比亚大学校级讲座教授、哥伦比亚大学政策对话倡议组织(Initiative for Policy Dialogue)主席

参考文献 查看全部 ↓
  • [1]AFL-CIO,“ CEO-to-Worker Pay Ratios around the World,”2013,http://www.aflcio. org/Corporate-Watch/Paywatch-Archive/CEO-Pay-and-You/CEO-to-Worker-PayGap-in-the-United-States/Pay-Gaps-in-the-World(Access in 2015-12-22).
  • [2]Alexander,M.,(The New Press,2010).
  • [3]Baker,D.,T.McArthur,“The Value of the‘Too Big to Fail’ Big Bank Subsidy,”Center for Economic and Policy Social Research Issue Brief,2009,September.
  • [4]Bakija,J.,A.Cole,B.T.Heim,“Job and Income Growth of Top Earners and the Causes of Changing Income Inequality:Evidence from U.S.Tax Return Data,”2012,http://web.williams.edu/Economics/wp/BakijaColeHeimJobsIncomeGrowthTopEarners.pdf.
  • [5]Barba,A.,M.Pivetti,“Rising Household Debt:Its Causes and Macroeconomic Implications—A Long Period Analysis,”,2009,33(1):113-137.
  • [6]Basu,K.,(Princeton University Press,2010).
  • [7]Bebchuk,L.,J.Fried,(Harvard University Press,2006).
  • [8]Bebchuk,L.,Y.Grinstein,“The Growth of Executive Pay,”NBER Working Paper No.11443,2005,June.
  • [9]Bebchuk,L.A.,A.Cohen,A.Spamaan,“The Wages of Failure:Executive Compensation at Bear Stearns and Lehman 2000-2008,”,2010,27:257-282.
  • [10]Berg,A.,J.Ostry,“Inequality and Unsustainable Growth:Two Sides of the Same Coin?”IMF Staff Discussion Note,2011,April,No.11/08.
  • [11]Bivens,J.,L.Mishel,H.Shierholz,“Understanding the Historic Divergence Between Productivity and a Typical Worker's Pay,”,2015,September,406(2).
  • [12]Bivens,J.,L.Mishel,“The Pay of Corporate Executives and Financial Professionals as Evidence of Rents in the Top 1 Percent Incomes”,2013,27(3):57-78.
  • [13]Cheung,S.,“Transaction Costs,Risk Aversion and the Choice of Contractual Arrangements,”,1969,19(1).
  • [14]Cingano,F.,“Trends in Income Inequality and Its Impact on Economic Growth,”OECD Social,Employment and Migration Working Papers,2014,(163).
  • [15]Congressional Budget Office,“The Distribution of Major Tax Expenditures in the Individual Income Tax System,”2013 May,p.31,Available at http://cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments TaxExpenditures_OneColumn.pdf.
  • [16]Corak,M.,“Income Inequality,Equality of Opportunity,and Intergenerational Mobility,” ,2013,27(3):79-102.
  • [17]Dynan,K.E.,J.Skinner,S.P.Zeldes,“Do the Rich Save More?”,2004,112(2):397-444.
  • [18]Hahn,F.,“Equilibrium Dynamics with Heterogeneous Capital Goods,”,1966,80(4):633-46.
  • [19]Harkinson,J.,“The Walmart Heirs Are Worth More Than Everyone in Your City Combine,” ,2015,October 3,http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/10/walmart-walton-heirs-net-worth-cities.
  • [20]IMF,“Is It Time for An Infrastructure Push?—The Macroeconomic Effects of Public Investment,”,Chapter 3,2014,pp.75-114,http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/pdf/c3.pdf.
  • [21]Jayadev,A.,“Distribution and Crisis:Reviewing Some of the Linkages,”in (Oxford University Press,2013),pp.95-112.
  • [22]Jensen,M.,K.Murphy,“Performance Pay and Top-Management Incentives,”,1990,98:225-264.
  • [23]Kutzets,S.,“Economic Growth and Income Inequality,”,1955,45(1):1-28.
  • [24]Mankiw,N.G.,“Defending the One Percent,”,2013,27(3):21-34.
  • [25]Mishel,L.,N.Sabadish,“CEO Pay and the Top 1%,”,2012.
  • [26]Nalebuff,B.J.,J.E.Stiglitz,“Prizes and Incentives:Towards a General Theory of Compensation and Competition,”,1983,14(1):21-43.
  • [27]North,D.C.,(Cambridge University Press,1990).
  • [28]Philippon,T.,A.Reshef,“Wages and Human Capital in the US Financial Industry:1909-2006,”,2012,127(4):1551-1609.
  • [29]Piketty,T.,(Harvard University Press,2014).
  • [30]Piketty,T.,E.Saez,“Income Inequality in the United States,1913-1998,”,2003,118(1):1-39.
  • [31]Piketty,T.,G.Zucman,“Wealth and Inheritance in the Long-run,”in ,vol.2(Elsevier-North Holland,2015),pp.1303-1368.
  • [32]Reinhardt,C.,K.Rogoff,(Princeton University Press,2009).
  • [33]Saez,E.,G.Zucman,“Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913:Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data,”(revised 2015 October).
  • [34]Senior,N.,(London:Richard Griffin & Co.,1836).
  • [35]Shell,K.,J.E.Stiglitz,“Allocation of Investment in a Dynamic Economy,”Quarter,1967,81(4):592-609.
  • [36]Stiglitz,J.E.,“Approaches to the Economics of Discrimination,”,1973,62(2):287-295.
  • [37]Stiglitz,J.E.,“Incentives and Risk Sharing in Sharecropping,”,1974a,41(2):219-255.
  • [38]Stiglitz,J.E.,“” in Furstenberg,A. von(ed.),(D.C.Heath and Company Lexington Books,1974b),pp.5-26.
  • [39]Stiglitz,J.E.,(W.W.Norton,2003).
  • [40]Stiglitz,J.E.,(The New Press,2010a)with Members of the Commission of Experts of the President of the United Nations General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System.
  • [41]Stiglitz,J.E.,(W.W.Norton,2010b).
  • [42]Stiglitz,J.E.,A.Sen,J.P.Fitoussi,(The New Press,2010c).
  • [43]Stiglitz,J.E.,(W.W.Norton,2012).
  • [44]Stiglitz,J.E.,“The Design of Labor Contracts:Economics of Incentives and Risk-Sharing,”in Nalbantian(ed.),(Rowman & Allanheld,1987),pp.47-68.Reprinted in (Oxford University Press,2013),pp.432-446.
  • [45]Stiglitz,J.E.,“Reforming Taxation to Promote Growth and Equity,”Roosevelt Institute White Paper,May 2014,http://rooseveltinstitute.org/sites/all/files Stiglitz_Reforming_Taxation_White_Paper_Roosevelt_Institute.pdf.
  • [46]Stiglitz,J.E.,“Rewriting the Rules,”The Roosevelt Institute,2015a,May.
  • [47]Stiglitz,J.E.“New Theoretical Perspectives on the Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals,”NBER Working Paper 21191,2015b.
  • [48]Stiglitz,J.E.,“Monetary Policy in a Multipolar World,”in Stiglitz,J.E.and Refet S.Gurkay nak(eds.)(Palgrave Macmillan,2015c).
  • [49]Stiglitz,J.E.,“New Theoretical Perspectives on the Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals,”Presented at an ,2014,June 10-11,Jordan and to be Published in ,(Palgrave Macmillan,2016).
  • [50]Taylor,P.,R.Kochhar,R.Fry,G.Velasco,S.Motel,“Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs between Whites,Blacks and Hispanics,” Pew Research Center Report,2011.
  • [51]United States General Accountability Office,“Large Bank Holding Companies:Expectations of Government Support,”2014,GAO-14-621.
  • [52]Violante,G.L.,“Skill Biased Technical Change,”in Blume,L.and S. Durlauf(eds.),(MacMillan,2008).

不平等与经济增长

可试读20%内容 PDF阅读 阅读器阅览

试读已结束,剩余80%未读

¥12.31 查看全文 >

VIP免费

论文目录

  • 一 引言
  • 二 不平等的大幅加剧
  • 三 普遍化的国际趋势
  • 四 解释不平等
  • 五 寻租和顶层群体收入
  • 六 租金的增加
  • 七 制度和政治的作用
  • 八 不平等的代价
  • 九 逆转不平等
  • 十 小结:重新定义经济增长

论文图片/图表

查看更多>>>