论文

不幸的道德:运气越差越功利主义

摘要

运气是否以及如何影响道德判断?已有研究表明好运气会改善人们的情绪状态,坏运气会增强人们的风险寻求和认知权衡倾向。基于道德双加工理论,情绪与直觉加工驱动的道德规范敏感性相关,认知权衡与理性加工驱动的道德结果敏感性相关。因此,研究假设好运气会增强道德规范敏感性而坏运气会增强道德结果敏感性。本研究启动不同效价的运气之后,使用经预研究检验的组合道德情境材料和CAN算法来测量被试在道德判断中的结果敏感性、规范敏感性和总体接受倾向。结果发现,在结果敏感性上,坏运组显著高于控制组和好运组,但在规范敏感性和总体接受倾向上无显著组间差异。研究表明运气越差越功利主义,在道德判断中越在意结果,初步揭示了运气对道德判断的潜在影响并拓展了道德双加工理论在道德运气研究中的解释。未来研究可以进一步探讨其他形式的运气对道德决策的影响及其心理机制,诱导直觉加工/理性加工状态和操控个体对道德情境的解释水平来深化对道德运气的理论解释。

作者

刘传军 ,四川大学公共管理学院社会学与心理学系特聘副研究员,硕士生导师。
廖江群 ,清华大学社会科学学院心理学系副教授,博士生导师。

参考文献 查看全部 ↓
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  • 李明晖、饶俪琳,2017,《解释水平视角下的道德判断》,《心理科学进展》第8期。
  • 刘传军、廖江群,2021,《道德困境研究的范式沿革及其理论价值》,《心理科学进展》第8期。
  • 邱俊杰、张锋,2015,《道德困境中行为判断的认知与情绪问题:从道德双加工模型到建构水平理论》,《应用心理学》第3期。
  • 邱林、郑雪、王雁飞,2008,《积极情感消极情感量表(PANAS)的修订》,《应用心理学》第3期。
  • 唐文明,2010,《论道德运气》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)第3期。
  • 喻丰、彭凯平、韩婷婷、柴方圆、柏阳,2011,《道德困境之困境——情与理的辩争》,《心理科学进展》第11期。
  • Baron,J.,& Goodwin,G.P.(2020). Consequences,norms,and inaction:A critical analysis. Judgment and Decision Making,15(3),421-442.
  • Baron,J.,Scott,S.,Fincher,K.,& Emlen Metz,S.(2015). Why does the Cognitive Reflection Test(sometimes)predict utilitarian moral judgment(and other things)?Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition,4,265-284.
  • Barrett,W.(2006). Luck and Decision. Journal of Applied Philosophy,23,73-87.
  • Bartels,D.M.,& Pizarro,D.A.(2011). Themismeasure of morals:Antisocial personality traits predict utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas. Cognition,121,154-161.
  • Bauman,C.W.,McGraw,A.P.,Bartels,D.M.,& Warren,C.(2014). Revisiting external validity:Concerns about trolley problems and other sacrificial dilemmas in moral psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,8,536-554.
  • Bentham,J.(1996). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. New York:Oxford University Press.
  • Conway,P.,& Gawronski,B.(2013). Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making:a process dissociation approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,104,216-235.
  • Enoch,D.,& Guttel,E.(2010). Cognitive Biases and Moral Luck. Journal of Moral Philosophy,7,372-386.
  • Eyal,T.,& Liberman,N.(2012). Morality and psychological distance:A construal level theory perspective. In M.Mikulincer & P.R.Shaver(eds.),Herzliya series on personality and social psychology. The social psychology of moralityExploring the causes of good and evil(pp.185-202). Washington:American Psychological Association.
  • Gawronski,B.,Armstrong,J.,Conway,P.,Friesdorf,R.,& Hütter,M.(2017). Consequences,norms,and generalized inaction in moral dilemmas:The CNI model of moral decision-making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,113,343-376.
  • Gawronski,B.,& Beer,J.S.(2017). What makes moral dilemma judgments “utilitarian” or “deontological”?Social Neuroscience,12,626-632.
  • Gong,H.,& Medin,D.L.(2012). Construal levels and moral judgment:Some complications. Judgment & Decision Making,7,628-638.
  • Greene,J.(2007). Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian?A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains. Trends In Cognitive Sciences,11,322-323.
  • Greene,J.(2009). Dual-process morality and the personal/impersonal distinction:A reply to McGuire,Langdon,Coltheart,and Mackenzie. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45,581-584.
  • Greene,J.(2013). Moral Tribes:emotion,reason,and the gap bcrween us and them. New York:The Penguin Press.
  • Greene,J.(2016). Our driverless dilemma. Science,352,14-1515.
  • Greene,J.,Cushman,F.A.,Stewart,L.E.,Lowenberg,K.,Nystrom,L.E.,& Cohen,J.D.(2009). Pushing moral buttons:The interaction between personal force and intention in moral judgment. Cognition,111,364-371.
  • Greene,J.,Morelli,S.A.,Lowenberg,K.,Nystrom,L.E.,& Cohen,J.D.(2008). Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Cognition,107,1144-1154.
  • Greene,J.,Sommerville,R.B.,Nystrom,L.E.,Darley,J.M.,& Cohen,J.D.(2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science,293,2105-2108.
  • Haidt,J.(2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail:A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review,108,814-834.
  • Hales,S.D.,& Johnson,J.A.(2014). Luck Attributions and Cognitive Bias. Metaphilosophy,45,509-528.
  • Janoff-Bulman,R.,Sheikh,S.,& Hepp,S.(2009). Proscriptive versus prescriptive morality:two faces of moral regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,96,521-537.
  • Jiang,Y.W.,Cho,A.,& Adaval,R.(2009). The unique consequences of feeling lucky:Implications for consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology,19,171-184.
  • Kant,I.,& Gregor,M.J.(1997). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  • Korner,A.,& Volk,S.(2014). Concrete and abstract ways to deontology:Cognitive capacity moderates construal level effects on moral judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,55,139-145.
  • Li,Z.,Xia,S.,Wu,X.,& Chen,Z.(2018). Analytical thinking style leads to more utilitarian moral judgments:An exploration with a process-dissociation approach. Personality and Individual Differences,131,180-184.
  • Lim,M.S.M.,& Rogers,R.D.(2017). Chinese Beliefs in Luck are Linked to Gambling Problems via Strengthened Cognitive Biases:A Mediation Test. Journal of Gambling Studies,33,1325-1336.
  • Liu,C.,& Liao,J.(2021). CAN Algorithm:An Individual Level Approach to Identify Consequences and Norms Sensitivities and Overall Action/inaction Preferences in Moral Decision-Making. Frontiers in Psychology,11,547916.
  • Mårtensson,E.(2017). Construal level theory and moral judgments:How thinking abstractly modifies morality.s Journal of European Psychology Students,8,30-40.
  • Mill,J.S.(1872). The logic of the moral sciences. Chicago:Open Court.
  • Nagel,T.(1979). Mortal questions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  • Pritchard,D.,& Smith,M.(2004). The psychology and philosophy of luck. New Ideas in Psychology,22,1-28.
  • Ranieri,A.Y.,Kauffman,S.S.,& Schneider,S.L.(2019). Good fortune but bad luck?Predictable versus unpredictable gains and losses in risky choice. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,32,359-372.
  • Strohminger,N.,Lewis,R.L.,& Meyer,D.E.(2011). Divergent effects of different positive emotions on moral judgment. Cognition,119,295-300.
  • Trope,Y.,& Liberman,N.(2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review,117,440-463.
  • Trope,Y.,& Liberman,N.(2016). Construal level theory. In P.A.M.V.Lange,A. W. Kruglanski,& E.T.Higgins(eds.),Handbook of theories of social psychologyVol 1)(pp.118-134). Thousand Oaks:Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Vicario,C.M.,& Rafal,R.D.(2017). Relationship between body mass index and moral disapproval rating for ethical violations. Personality and Individual Differences,104,8-11.
  • Watson,D.,Clark,L.A.,& Tellegen,A.(1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect:The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,54,1063-1070.
  • Williams,B.(1981). Moral Luck:Philosophical Papers 1973—1980. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams,B.A.O.,& Nagel,T.(1976). Moral Luck. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume,50,115-152.
  • Xu,A.J.,Zwick,R.,& Schwarz,N.(2012). Washing away your(good or bad)luck:Physical cleansing affects risk-taking behavior. Journal of Experimental PsychologyGeneral,141,26-30.
  • Zhang,L.,Kong,M.,Li,Z.,Zhao,X.,& Gao,L.(2018). Chronic Stress and Moral Decision-Making:An Exploration With the CNI Model. Frontiers in Psychology,9,1702.

不幸的道德:运气越差越功利主义

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